Design And Modeling Of Axial Micro Gas Turbine Engineering Essay

Design And Modeling Of axial little hired gun Turbine Engineering Essay nonfigurativemicro turbines be becoming widely utilise for combined power gene confine and warmheartedness applications. Their size varies from sm altogether scale units like standards crafts to heavy furnish like power supply to hundreds of households. Micro turbines abide many rewards over piston generators such(prenominal) as low emissions less despicable carve ups, accepts commercial fuels. muff turbine cycle and surgical operation of micro Turbine was studied and reported . different parts of turbine is designinged with the help of CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis) softw ar .The turbine is of Axial input and axial pop output type.Key words Gas turbine , CATIA , Rapid Prototype , parts of turbine , nozzle , rotorChapter 1LITERATURE REVIEW maturement of Micro turbineA turbine can be utilize as a refrigerant machine was first introduced by Lord Rayleigh. In a letter June 1898 to Nature, he suggested the use of turbine instead of a piston expander for air liquefaction because of practical difficulties caused in the low temperature reciprocating machines. He empha surface the most important function of and cryogenic expander, which is to production of the cold, rather than the power produced.In 1898 The British engineer Edgar C Thrupp secure a simple liquefying system exploitation an intricacy turbine. Thrupps expander was a range run machine entering the center and dividing into ii oppositely flowing streams.A refrigerative expansion turbine with a tangential inward flow pattern was homelyed by the Americans Charles F and Orrin J Crommett in 1914. Gas was to be admitted to the turbine wheel by a pair of nozzles, but it was specified that any desired add up of nozzle could be used. The turbine trade names were curved to present slightly concave faces to the jet from the nozzle. These blades were comparatively short, not exceeding very c lose to the rotor hub.In 1922, the American engineer and teacher Harvey N Davis had patented an expansion turbine of unusual thermodynamic concept. This turbine was intended to have several nozzle blocks each receiving a stream of be adrift from different temperature level of high pressure sensation side of the main commove exchanger of a liquefaction apparatus.First successful commercial turbine authentic in Germany which usea an axial flow single stage impulse machine. Later in the year 1936 it was replaced by an inward radial flow turbine based on a patent by an Italian inventor, Guido Zerkowitz.Work on the small bluster bearing turbo expander commenced in the early fifties by Sixsmith at Reading University on a machine for a small air liquefaction plant. In 1958, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority developed a radial inward flow turbine for a nitrogen production plant. During 1958 to 1961 Stratos Division of Fairchild Aircraft Co. built blower loaded turbo expanders, mostly for air separation service. Voth et. developed a high speed turbine expander as a part of a cold moderator icebox for the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The first commercial turbine using helium was operated in 1964 in a refrigerator that produced 73 W at 3 K for the Rutherford helium bubble chamber. A high speed turbo alternator was developed by General Electric Company, radical York in 1968, which ran on a practical petrol bearing system capable of operating at cryogenic temperature with low loss.Design of turboexpander for cryogenic applications- by Subrata Kr. Ghosh , N. Seshaiah, R. K. Sahoo, S. K. Sarangi focuses on design and development of turbo expander.The paper briefly discuses the design methodology and the fabrication drawings for the whole system, which includes the turbine wheel, nozzle, diffuser, spear, brake compressor, deuce types of bearing, and appropriate housing. With this method, it is possible to design a turbo expander for any other fluid sin ce the fluid properties are properly taken care of in the relevant equations of the design procedure.Yang et. al developed a two stage miniature expansion turbine made for an 1.5 L/hr helium liquefier at the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The turbines rotated at more than than 500,000 rpm. The design of a small, high speed turbo expander was taken up by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) USA. The first expander operated at 600,000 rpm in outwardly pressurized gas bearings. The turbo expander developed by Kate et. Al was with variable flow capacity mechanism (an adjustable turbine), which had the capacity of fitling the refrigerating power by using the variable nozzle vane height.India has been lagging behind the rest of the world in this field of research and development. Still, significant progress has been made during the past two decades. In CMERI Durgapur, Jadeja developed an inward flow radial turbine supported on gas bearings for cr yogenic plants. The device gave stable rotation at about 40,000 rpm. The computer plan was, however, discontinued before any significant progress could be attaind. Another programme at IIT Kharagpur developed a turbo expander unit by using aerostatic trailer and journal bearings which had a working speed up to 80,000 rpm. Recently Cryogenic Technology Division, BARC developed Helium refrigerator capable of producing 1 kW at 20K temperature.Solid Modeling using bounder software andiron software, as well referred to as Computer Aided Design software and in the past as computer aided drafting software, refers to software programs that assist engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries to design and manufacture physical products.It started with the mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, who, in his 350 B.C. treatise on math The Elements expounded many of the postulates and axioms that are the foundations of the Euclidian geometry upon which todays computer-aided design software systems are built.More than 2,300 years after Euclid, the first true weenie software, a very forward-looking system (although of lam primitive compared to todays CAD software) called Sketchpad was developed by Ivan Sutherland as part of his PhD thesis at MIT in the early 1960s.First-generation CAD software systems were typically 2D drafting applications developed by a manufacturers internal IT group (often collaborating with university researchers) and primarily intended to automate repetitive drafting chores. Dr. Hanratty co-designed one such CAD system, named DAC (Design Automated by Computer) at General Motors Research Laboratories in the mid 1960s.In 1965, Charles Langs team including Donald Welbourn and A.R.Forrest, at Cambridge Universitys Computing Laboratory began serious research into 3D manikin CAD software. The commercial benefits of Cambridge Universitys 3D CAD software research did not begin to appear until the 1970 however, elsewhere in mid 1960s Europe, F rench researchers were doing pioneering work into complex 3D curve and surface geometry computation. Citroens de Casteljau made fundamental strides in computing complex 3D curve geometry and Bezier (at Renault) published his breakthrough research, incorporating roughly of de Casteljaus algorithms, in the late 1960s. The work of both de Casteljau and Bezier continues to be one of the foundations of 3D CAD software to the present time. Both MIT (S.A.Coons in 1967) and Cambridge University (A.R.Forrest, one of Charles Langs team, in 1968) were also very active in furthering research into the implementation of complex 3D curve and surface homunculusing in CAD software.CAD software started its migration out of research and into commercial use in the 1970s. Just as in the late 1960s most CAD software continued to be developed by internal groups at large automotive and aerospace manufacturers, often working in conjunction with university research groups. Throughout the decade automotive manufacturers such as Ford (PDGS), General Motors (CADANCE), Mercedes-Benz (SYRCO), Nissan (CAD-I released in 1977) and Toyota (TINCA released in 1973 by Hiromi Arakis team, CADETT in 1979 also by Hiromi Araki) and aerospace manufacturers such as Lockheed (CADAM), McDonnell-Douglas (CADD) and Northrop (NCAD, which is politic in limited use today), all had large internal CAD software development groups working on proprietary programs.In 1975 the French aerospace company, Avions Marcel Dassault, purchased a source-code license of CADAM from Lockheed and in 1977 began development a 3D CAD software program named CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) which survives to this day as the most commercially successful CAD software program in current use.After that many research work has been done in the field of 3-D modeling using CAD software and many software have been developed. Time to time these software have been modified to make them more user friendly. Diff erent 3-D modeling software used now-a-days are AUTODESK INVENTOR, CATIA, PRO-E etc.History of rapid prototypingRapid prototyping is a revolutionary and powerful technology with wide range of applications. The process of prototyping involves fast building up of a prototype or working model for the purpose of testing the various design features, ideas, concepts, functionality, output and per mastermindance. The user is able to pay immediate feedback regarding the prototype and its performance. Rapid prototyping is essential part of the process of system designing and it is believed to be quite beneficial as far as decrease of project cost and risk are concerned.The first rapid prototyping techniques became accessible in the later eighties and they were used for production of prototype and model parts. The chronicle of rapid prototyping can be traced to the late sixties, when an engineering professor, Herbert Voelcker, questioned himself about the possibilities of doing interestin g things with the computer controlled and automatic machine tools. These machine tools had just started to appear on the mill floors then. Voelcker was trying to find a way in which the automated machine tools could be programmed by using the output of a design program of a computer.In seventies Voelcker developed the basic tools of mathematics that clearly described the three dimensional aspects and resulted in the earliest theories of algorithmic and mathematical theories for consentaneous modeling. These theories form the basis of modern computer programs that are used for designing almost all things mechanical, ranging from the smallest toy car to the tallest skyscraper. Voleckers theories changed the designing methods in the seventies, but, the old methods for designing were still very much in use. The old method involved either a machinist or machine tool controlled by a computer. The admixture hunk was cut away and the needed part remained as per requirements.However, in 1 987, Carl Deckard, a researcher form the University of Texas, came up with a good revolutionary idea. He pioneered the layer based manufacturing, wherein he thought of building up the model layer by layer. He printed 3D models by utilizing laser light for fusing admixture powder in solid prototypes, single layer at a time. Deckard developed this idea into a technique called Selective Laser Sintering. The results of this technique were exceedingly promising. The history of rapid prototyping is quite new and recent. However, as this technique of rapid prototyping has such wide ranging scope and applications with amazing results, it has gr consume by leaps and bounds.Voelckers and Deckards stunning findings, innovations and researches have given extreme impetus to this significant new intentness known as rapid prototyping or free form fabrication. It has revolutionized the designing and manufacturing processes. Though, there are many references of people pioneering the rapid prototy ping technology, the industry gives recognition to Charles Hull for the patent of Apparatus for Production of 3D Objects by Stereo lithography. Charles Hull is recognized by the industry as the father of rapid prototyping. Today, the computer engineer has to simply sketch the ideas on the computer screen with the help of a design program that is computer aided. Computer aided designing allows to make modification as required and you can create a physical prototype that is a comminuted and proper 3D object.Chapter 2CATIA(Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Analysis)Introduction to CATIACATIA is a robust application that enables you to create rich and complex designs. The goals of the CATIA course are to teach you how to build parts and assemblies in CATIA, and how to make simple drawings of those parts and assemblies. This course focuses on the fundamental skills and concepts that enable you to create a solid foundation for your designsWhat is CATIA .CATIA is mechanical des ign software. It is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling design tool that takes advantage of the easy-to-learn Windows graphical user interface. You can create in full associative 3-D solid models with or without constraints while utilizing automatic or user-defined relations to capture design intent. To further clarify this definition, the italic terms to a higher place will be further defined feature film-basedLike an assembly is made up of a number of individualist parts, a CATIA memorial is made up of individual elements. These elements are called features.When creating a document, you can add features such as pads, dismissions, holes, ribs, fillets, chamfers, and drafts. As the features are created, they are applied directly to the work piece.Features can be classified as sketched-based or dress-up Sketched-based features are based on a 2D sketch. Generally, the sketch is transformed into a 3D solid by extruding, rotating, sweeping, or lofting. Dress-up features are features that are created directly on the solid model. Fillets and chamfers are examples of this type of feature.ParametricThe dimensions and relations used to create a feature are stored in the model. This enables you to capture design intent, and to easily make changes to the model through these parameters. Driving dimensions are the dimensions used when creating a feature. They include the dimensions associated with the sketch geometry, as well as those associated with the feature itself. Consider, for example, a cylindrical pad. The diameter of the pad is controlled by the diameter of the sketched circle, and the height of the pad is controlled by the depth to which the circle is extruded.Relations include breeding such as parallelism, tangency, and concentricity. This type of information is typically communicated on drawings using feature control symbols. By capturing this information in the sketch, CATIA enables you to fully capture your design intent up front.Solid Modeling- A solid model is the most complete type of geometric model used in CAD systems. It contains all the wireframe and surface geometry necessary to fully describe the edges and faces of the model. In addition to geometric information, solid models also convey their topology, which relates the geometry together. For example, topology might include identifying which faces (surfaces) jar against at which edges (curves). This intelligence makes adding features easier. For example, if a model requires a fillet, you simply select an edge and specify a radius to create it.Fully Associative-A CATIA model is fully associative with the drawings and parts or assemblies that reference it. Changes to the model are automatically reflected in the associated drawings, parts, and/or assemblies. Likewise, changes in the context of the drawing or assembly are reflected back in the model.Constraints-Geometric constraints (such as parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical, concentric, and coincident) e stablish relationships between features in your model by fixing their positions with respect to one another. In addition, equations can be used to establish mathematical relationships between parameters. By using constraints and equations, you can guarantee that design concepts such as through holes and follow radii are captured and maintained.CATIA User Interface Below is the layout of the elements of the standard CATIA application.A. Menu CommandsB. Specification TreeC. Window of Active documentD. Filename and extension of current documentE. Icons to maximize/minimize and close windowF. Icon of the active workbenchG. beakbars precise to the active workbenchH. Standard toolbarI. CompassJ. Geometry areaCDocuments and SettingsSatiraDesktopwindow.JPGCThe parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously mean generated feature by feature to construct full modelGenerally all CAD model s are generated in the like passion given vociferate Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part designing mode to construct model. Select plane as basic reference. Enter sketcher mode.In sketcher mode Tool used to create 2-d basic twist of part using line, circle etc Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. Its external feature to view geometry in out Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry.Sketch Based Feature Pad On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded .( adding material )Pocket On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material )Revolve Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should has same profile virtually axis.Rib sweeping uniform profile on trajectory (adding material)Slot sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material)garret Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on differe nt plane along linear/non-linear trajectory Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, th Its tool used to fit geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environment On creation of individual parts in separate files,Assembly environment In assembly environment the parts are recalled constrained..Product structure tool To recall live components already modeled. Assembling respective parts by mean of constraintsUpdate updating the made constrains.Additional features are Exploded View, snap shots, clash analyzing numbering, handbill of material. etcFinally creating draft for individual parts assembly with possible detailsThe parts of the major assembly is treated as individual geometric model , which is modeled individually in separate file .All the parts are previously planned generated feature by feature to construct full modelGenerally all CAD models are generated in the same passion given bellow Enter CAD environment by clicking, later into part design ing mode to construct model. Select plane as basic reference. Enter sketcher mode.In sketcher mode Tool used to create 2-d basic structure of part using line, circle etc Tool used for editing of created geometry termed as operation Tool used for Dimensioning, referencing. This helps creating parametric relation. Its external feature to view geometry in out Tool used to exit sketcher mode after creating geometry.Sketch Based Feature Pad On exit of sketcher mode the feature is to be padded. (Adding material)Pocket On creation of basic structure further pocket has to be created (removing material)Revolve Around axis the material is revolved, the structure should have same profile around axis.Rib sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (adding material)Slot sweeping uniform profile along trajectory (removing material)Loft Sweeping non-uniform/uniform profile on different plane along linear/non-linear trajectory Its 3d creation of features creates chamfer, radius, draft, shell, thread Its tool used to move geometry, mirror, pattern, scaling in 3d environmentChapter 3GAS TURBINEGas TurbineA gas turbine is a rotating engine that extracts energy from a flow of burning gases that result from the ignition of blind drunk air and a fuel (either a gas or liquid, most commonly natural gas). It has an upstream compressor module match to a downstream turbine module, and a combustion chamber(s) module (with igniters) in between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Combustion increases the temperature, hurrying, and heap of the gas flow. This is directed through a nozzle over the turbines blades, spinning the turbine and powering the compressor Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air, and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, generators, and even tanks.Chronology Of Gas turbine Development Types of Gas TurbineThere are different types of gas turbines. Some o f them are named below1. Aero derivatives and jet engines2. Amateur gas turbines3. Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation4. Radial gas turbines5. Scale jet engines6. Micro turbinesThe main focus of this paper is the design aspects of micro turbine.Applications Of Gas turbine Jet EnginesMechanical DrivesPower automobiles, Trains,tanksIn Vehicles(Concept car, racing car, buses, motorcycles)Gas Turbine CycleThe simplest gas turbine follows the Brayton cycle .Closed cycle (i.e., the working fluid is not released to the atmosphere), air is compressed isentropically, combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting pressure. As with all passionateness engine cycles, higher combustion temperature (the common industry reference is turbine inlet temperature) means greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand heat and pressure. hefty design/manufacturing engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most turbines also try to recover swallow heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. Recuperators are heat exchangers that pass exhaust heat to the compressed air, prior to combustion. Combined-cycle designs pass waste heat to steam turbine systems, and combined heat and power (i.e., cogeneration) uses waste heat for hot water production. Mechanically, gas turbines can be considerably less complex than internal combustion piston engines. Simple turbines might have one moving part the shaft/compressor/ turbine/alternator-rotor assembly, not counting the fuel system. More sophisticated turbines may have multiple shafts (spools), hundreds of turbine blades, movable stator blades, and a vast system of complex piping, combustors, and heat exchangers.The largest gas turbines operate at 3000 (50 hertz Hz, European and Asian power supply) or 3600 (60 Hz, U.S. power supply) RPM to match the AC power grid. They req uire their own building and several more to house support and auxiliary equipment, such as cooling towers. Smaller turbines, with fewer compressor/turbine stages, spin faster. Jet engines operate around 10,000 RPM and micro turbines around 100,000 RPM. Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of the design. Traditionally, they have been hydrodynamic oil bearings or oil cooled lump bearings.Advantages of Gas Turbine1. Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines.2. Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating.3. Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.4. fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.5. Low operating pressures.6. High operation speeds.7. Low lubricating oil cost and consumptionChapter 4MICRO TURBINEMicro turbineMicro turbines are small combustion turbines which are having output ranging from 20 kW to 500 kW. The Evolution is from automotive and truck turbochargers, auxi liary power units (APUs) for airplanes, and small jet engines. Micro turbines are a relatively new distributed generation technology which is used for stationary energy generation applications. Normally they are combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. A micro (gas) turbine engine consists of a radial inflow turbine, a combustor and a centrifugal compressor. It is used for outputting power as well as for rotating the compressor. Micro turbines are becoming widespread for distributed power and co-generation (Combined heat and power) applications. They are one of the most promising technologies for powering cross electric vehicles. They range from hand held units producing less than a kilowatt, to commercial sized systems that produce tens or hundreds of kilowatts. Part of their success is due to advances in electronics, which allows unattended operation and interfacing with the commercial power grid. Electronic power switching technolog y eliminates the need for the generator to be synchronized with the power grid. This allows the generator to be integrated with the turbine shaft, and to image as the starter motor. They accept most commercial fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, propane, diesel, and kerosene as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas.Types of Micro turbineMicro turbines are classified by the physical arrangement of the component parts1. Single shaft or two-shaft, 2. Simple cycle, or recuperated, 3. Inter-cooled, and reheat. The machines by and large rotate over 50,000 rpm. The bearing selection-oil or air-is dependent on usage. A single shaft micro turbine with high rotating speeds of 90,000 to 120,000 revolutions per minute is the more common design, as it is simpler and less expensive to build. Conversely, the split shaft is necessary for machine drive applications, which does not require an inverter to change the frequency of the AC power.Basic Parts of Micro turbineCompress or 2. Turbine3. Recuperator 4. Combustor5. Controller 6. Generator7. BearingAdvantagesMicro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to impression and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust, whereas the waste heat of reciprocating engines is split between its exhaust and cooling system. However, reciprocating engine generators are quicker to respond to changes in output power requirement and are usually slightly more efficient, although the efficiency of micro turbines is increasing. Micro turbines also lose more efficiency at low power levels than reciprocating engines. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to oth er technologies for small-scale power generation, including a small number of moving parts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. Waste heat recovery can also be used with these systems to achieve efficiencies greater than 80%. Because of their small size, relatively low capital costs, evaluate low operations and maintenance costs, and automatic electronic control, micro turbines are expected to capture a significant share of the distributed generation market. In addition, micro turbines offer an efficient and clean solution to direct mechanical drive markets such as compression and air conditioning.Thermodynamic Heat CycleIn principle, micro turbines and larger gas turbines operate on the same thermodynamic heat cycle, the Brayton cycle. Atmospheric air is compressed, heated at constant pressure, and then expanded, with the excess power produced by the turbine consumed by the compressor us ed to generate electricity. The power produced by an expansion turbine and consumed by a compressor is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas passing through those devices. Higher expander inlet temperature and pressure ratios result in higher efficiency and specific power. Higher pressure ratios increase efficiency and specific power until an optimum pressure ratio is achieved, beyond which efficiency and specific power decrease. The optimum pressure ratio is considerably lower when a recuperator is used. Consequently, for good power and efficiency, it is advantageous to operate the expansion turbine at the highest practical inlet temperature consistent with economic turbine blade materials and to operate the compressor with inlet air at the lowest temperature possible. The general trend in gas turbine advancement has been toward a combination of higher temperatures and pressures. However, inlet temperatures are generally limited to 1750F or below to enable the use of relatively inexpensive materials for the turbine wheel and recuperator. 41 is the optimum pressure ration for best efficiency in recuperated turbines.ApplicationsMicro turbines are used in distributed power and combined heat and power applications. With recent advances in electronic, micro- processor based, control systems these units can interface with the commercial power grid and can operate unattended.Power Range for diff. Applications .Chapter 5DIFFERENT PARTS AND THEIR DESIGNING OF MICRO TURBINErotor coilThe rotor is mounted vertically. The rotor consists of the shaft with a collar integrally machined on it to provide thrust bearing surfaces, the turbine wheel and the brake compressor mounted on opposite ends. The impellers are mounted at the extreme ends of the shaft while the bearings are in the middle.NOZZLEThe nozzles expand the inlet gas isentropically to high velocity and direct the flow on to the wheel at the correct angle to ensue smooth, impact free incidence on the w heel blades. A array of static nozzles must be provided around the turbine wheel to generate the required inlet velocity and swirl. The flow is subsonic, the absolute Mach number being around 0.95. Filippi has derived the centre of nozzle geometry on stage efficiency by a comparative discussion of three nozzle styles fixed nozzles, adjustable nozzles with a centre turn and adjustable nozzles with a trailing edge pivot. At design point operation, fixed nozzles yield the best overall efficiency. Nozzles should be located at the optimal radial location from the wheel to minimize vaneless space loss and the effect of nozzle wakes on impeller performance. Fixed nozzle shapes can be optimized by round the noses of nozzle vanes and are directionally oriented for minimal incidence angle loss. The throat of the nozzle has an important influence on turbine performance and must be sized to pass t

Nursing Essays Therapeutic Relationship Patient

nursing Essays Therapeutic Relationship PatientIntroduction Within the context of health solicitude matchless of the most substantial factors is the establishment of an effective alterative family relationship in the midst of the take up and uncomplaining (Foster Hawkins, 2005). The ways in which treat lag and forbearings interact weed be influential in terms of information transfer, provision of psychological support, and may in any case provide few healing(p) benefits in themselves (Welch, 2005). Hence, in that respect has been a refreshed focus on the impressiveness of how nurses interact with long-suffering ofs in practice, in site of magnitude to enhance diligent outcomes ( nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008 Sutcliffe, 2011). Understanding the fundamental components of this relationship and how to strain these components in practice remains a vital aspect of nurse training and continuing professional development (Ramjan, 2004 Perraud et al., 2006). In a ccordance with the perceived importance of the therapeutic relationship, the aim of this paper is to provide an evidence-based review of how this relationship may be used in nursing practice. This pull up stakes be supplemented with a face on ain observations made by the author, utilising a reflective model (Nielsen et al., 2007). The model in this case will be that devised by Gibbs (1988), which has been validated as a useful tool for personal practice development and culture-setting in the clinical domain (Foster Hawkins, 2005). This model emphasises a step-wise approach to reflection, encompassing description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and exertion plan formulation (Gibbs, 1988). Therefore, this paper will consider the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of a specified practice context experienced by the author, with a discussion of how practice green goddess be improved based on the best available evidence from the literature.Reflection contex t The main context of make out that will be the focus of this essay is the elderly rehabilitation ward, where the author first dateed a number of issues regarding the regard for optimal relationships between practitioners and endurings in practice. The goal of this ward is to assist elderly affected roles in adapting to their functional capacities and carriagestyle abilities, in order that they whoremonger achieve the maximum possible stop of quality of life in the community setting following discharge (Routasalo et al., 2004). Consequently, numerous health professionals provide an input into the upkeep pathway, including physiotherapists, occupational therapists and physicians, in addition to nursing staff (Hershkovitz et al., 2007). From the perspective of the author, there are several important aspects of this scenario that relate to the therapeutic relationship the large increase in personal responsibilities in terms of assisting patient ofs with activities, the ind ispensability to motivate and communicate effectively with patients to ensure that they are able to remain psychologically motivated, and the exact to coordinate personal clinical care activities with those of others to ensure the patient journey is smooth (Siegert Taylor, 2004). The remainder of this paper will consider the therapeutic relationship grounded within this practice context, supplemented with personal experiences from this placement, in order to highlight these factors in greater detail.Evidence-based reflectionDefining the therapeutic relationship In order to fully appreciate the need for a therapeutic relationship it is important to fasten this relationship in a practice context. The term is ofttimes used within the context of psychiatric or psychological therapy distri stillion in innovational literature, although the aim of this paper is to consider the term as a more(prenominal) general way in which nurses communicate and interact with patients to establish a carry clinical outcome (Bulmer Smith et al., 2009). McKlindon Barnsteiner (1999) suggest that the therapeutic relationship involve to be a two-way, reciprocal relationship at all metres, involving nursing staff, the patient and their family, where appropriate. There is a need to emphasise caring in this relationship, with positive communication and clear boundaries of both personal and professional interactions (McCormack, 2004). Hence, the relationship between a nurse and patient should fit into the patient-centred model of care, where patients are not only listened to within a clinical decision-making context, but are actively encouraged to get into in their own care pathway (McCormack McCance, 2006). The therapeutic relationship encompasses three important domains of care physical, psychological and emotional care (Pelzang, 2010). These elements may be more profoundly encountered by nursing staff on hospital wards out-of-pocket to their prolonged exposure to specific patie nts and their in-depth interactions in the patient care journey, when compared to other members of staff who may have less face-to-face time with individuals (Pelzang, 2010). Within the setting of the elderly rehabilitation ward, many patients are transitioning from an acute or chronic care scenario to community care and require additional, specialist assistance in doing so (McCormack, 2003). Consequently, nursing staff in this ward are exposed to patients for extended periods of time and need to consider the holistic aspects of care in order to achieve successful rehabilitation (Cott, 2004). Therefore, the therapeutic relationship in this context involves establishing the capabilities of the patient, working with the patient to achieve set goals, and ensuring that the psychological and emotional aspects of chronic illness or disability can be managed effectively in the long term (McCormack McCance, 2006). parley In light of the definition of the therapeutic relationship within the context of rehabilitation, the remaining sections of this paper will evaluate the affectionateness aspects multiform in maintaining a therapeutic relationship, with this section focusing on communication between nurse and patient. The specific clinical scenario the author has struggled with in the rehabilitation placement is when a patient has higher expectations than they should in terms of their ability to perform tasks or live independently following discharge. Patients are obviously passionate in maintaining independence in the majority of cases and this can cloud their judgement as to their genuine abilities and capabilities in functional tasks (Cott, 2004). While it is important to acknowledge the feelings and ideas of a patient and act accordingly, it can be negligent of nursing duties not to act with the patients best interests at heart (McCormack, 2003). Therefore, the nurse needs to maintain that their actions are direct by medical evidence and professional protocols, as well as reflecting the need and desires of the patient (NMC, 2008). Communication encompasses not only verbal communication with the patient, but is also reflected in body language and actions (Yoo Chae, 2011). Having an open body posture, including the avoidance of crossed arms, can help in establishing rapport, enchantment maintaining eye contact and avoiding distractions during conversations with patients can enhance the bond between nurse and patient (Brown Bylund, 2008). Communication is also as much about relaying information as it is about receiving information and therefore, nursing staff should be able to elicit patient concerns specifically and utilise these appropriately without blocking these interactions with a one-sided approach to conversation (Yoo Chae, 2011). The opposite is also true, whereby overly expressive patients may limit the nurse-led component of the communication episode both parties need to be good at communication for a pure(a) mutual appreciati on of ideas to occur (Sheldon et al., 2006). In practice this may be difficult to achieve, but the obligations of the nurse to facilitate this process are a nucleus component of the therapeutic relationship. Communicating effectively with patients in the elderly rehabilitation setting was a massive responsibility and challenge for the author, as this was their first encounter with such patients in this setting. The expectation of knowledge in this setting was high and it could be frustrating to patients who want answers from a junior or inexperienced practitioner (McCormack, 2003 Leach, 2005). Hence communication needed to focus on establishing information, sharing action plans and building general rapport that would enable the development of aver and a mutually beneficial exchange of ideas (Leach, 2005). The author found this form of communication challenging to achieve on a routine basis within the rehabilitation setting, due to the need to balance a motivational approach with a realistic form of communication regarding expected patient capabilities and outcomes. Hence, the reflective scenario will focus on aspects of this particular communication episode as a component of the therapeutic relationship.Empathy Empathy is a cornerstone of effective communication with patients and is defined as the ability to parcel out or identify with the emotional state of the patient (Brunero et al., 2010). If done effectively an empathic response to patient concerns can yield a sense of overlap understanding, reinforcing the notion that the patients concerns are being listened to (Kirk, 2007). By establishing an empathic response with a patient, practitioners often remark that they are better able to have-to doe with with the experiences of the patient, allowing them greater insight into how they can help the patient (Brunero et al., 2010). Therefore, empathy is a core component of establishing a meaningful therapeutic relationship with patients in all settings. The nurse can develop empathic communication skills in a number of ways, including through specific communication skills training (Webster, 2010). This training often emphasises the role of unrestricted questions and body language within the context of empathy, whereby nurses should ask patients specifically about their emotions and feelings during a clinical interaction (Stickley Freshwater, 2006). Often the process of asking a patient how they feel about a particular reaction is sufficient to allow them to relax and turn over more comfortable conveying these thoughts and feelings. On the part of the nurse, it is important to reflect these responses back to the patient by further exploring these issues and offering an active listening approach, rather than redirecting the focus of the conversation back to more clinical matters (Brunero et al., 2010). Although it has been argued that empathy is an inherent quality, which some people possess, the re bring outation of empathy in commu nication is important in clinical care and should be delivered through verbal, non-verbal and emotional communication skills (Welch, 2005). In the present scenario, the author was able to empathise with patients on the rehabilitation ward to a high degree and many patients were frank and open about their emotional needs and worries regarding the rehabilitation process. Often the patients worries were highly emotive and this affected the author such that the patient was regarded as an object of sympathy or pity in some cases due to their hardships. This made the author feel uncomfortable during patient interactions for a number of reasons firstly, because it was an emotional situation, and secondly because the expectations of the patient with regards to rehabilitation were higher than expected and it was often difficult to address these in a controlled manner. Hence, the reflective experience demonstrates a number of feelings in this situation, which reflect problems with the therape utic relationship.Trust and respect One of the ancient outcomes of the therapeutic relationship is to establish a caring and trusting relationship between the nurse and patient (Brown et al., 2006). Trust is a concept based on respect and openness within this relationship and this often takes time to establish, acting as an extension of the professional respect a patient may take into custody for a nurse and vice versa (Miller, 2006). Within the context of elderly care rehabilitation, nurses need to establish a strong bond of trust as patients will often have to make compromises in terms of assisted living devices and acceptance of their functional limitations when attempting to optimise their quality of life (Schmalenberg et al., 2005). Unless they trust the healthcare professionals involved in their care they are less possible to adhere to recommendations or to accept help, reducing the potential positive impacts of nursing interventions (McCabe, 2004). Establishing trust with in a therapeutic relationship requires time and demands that the practitioner is able to manage their communication skills appropriately to ensure the patient feels that they are listened to and involved in their own care (Brown et al., 2006). Both the practitioner and the patient must be receptive to the idea of trust within the relationship in order for this to be achieved, which often involves addressing barriers to trust, including suspiciousness of the intentions of healthcare professionals, poor communication, and mutual respect on a personal level (Miller, 2006). When a trusting relationship is achieved there is a greater retrieve that patients will be receptive to clinical interventions and nursing input, at least when delivered on a personal level (Wolf Zuzelo, 2006). Equally, nursing staff can trust that patients will make informed decisions about their care and will follow guidance, when appropriate (Schmalenberg et al., 2005). Within the present reflective context, the author felt as though there was a distinct lack of trust in the therapeutic relationship, primarily due to the fact that a patient would often wish for their expectations to be met without heeding specific nursing advice on several occasions. This was likely secondary to the fact that the author found it difficult to convey these ideas in a sensitive manner, time addressing the concerns of the patient in an empathic way. Hence, it can be perceived that the patient and nurse did not enter a trusting relationship, as communication between the two was suboptimal (McCabe, 2004). However, on a more positive note, the relationships formed with patient during the initial days on placement were friendly and demonstrated a degree of mutual respect, which is an important facet of the therapeutic relationship (Stickley Freshwater, 2006). Hence, there were positive and negative aspects to the therapeutic relationships formed in practice during this placement, according to a reflective evalua tion. To make sense of this situation, the author analysed these positive and negative factors within this context. What was clear to the author was that the communication skills that had been utilised so far in therapeutic relationship building relied heavily on patient factors, rather than nursing input. Hence, there was an imbalance in the way information was presented and received within this relationship, to the detriment of the therapeutic journey. The reasons for poor communication and trust establishment stemmed from multiple factors, including the younger age of the author compared to patients, relative inexperience on the part of the author, and the highly charged emotional nature of interactions in this setting. Therefore, it was clear that one of the main factors that was missing in the therapeutic relationships was the projection of a strong professional identity, which could guide the patient towards a suitable clinical outcome and would assist in developing the appro priate communication tools for the rehabilitation process.Professional values While it is clear that the need for the therapeutic relationship stems from a desire to form a constructive clinical partnership with a patient in a specific context, there is also a professional responsibility to engage patients in this manner in practice (Chitty Black, 2007). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) advocate communication, trust, dignity and respect during the discussion of all patients as a fundamental aspect of care delivery and therefore establishing a therapeutic relationship can be considered a core aspect of all nursing practice (Fahrenwald et al., 2005). However, within the context of effective nursing practice it is recognised that there is a need to respect the personal boundaries of the patient and to act as a professional rather than a friend in most cases (Rushton, 2006). Professionalism in the context of rehabilitation care includes the need to be realistic with regards to patient expectations, while ensuring appropriate levels of motivation and commitment to a therapeutic plan (Fahrenwald et al., 2005 Rushton, 2006). For some practitioners, an overly empathic response to patients and their specify can lead to sympathy and warped clinical decision making processes, often favouring the opinion of the patient over established guidance (Bulmer Smith et al., 2009). This is likely to have a detrimental impact on the patient in the long term and should be avoided as a result. Within the Gibbs reflective roulette wheel (1988), the author has noted that one of the main conclusions that can be drawn from working within the rehabilitation sphere is that maintenance of professional values and boundaries is native to avoid becoming overly emotional or inappropriately involved in patient care (Stickley Freshwater, 2006 Baker et al., 2008). The author should try not to become too attached to patients during their care journey in order to make an objective asse ssment of their capabilities and therapeutic needs, as relying too heavily on the opinions and desires of the patient can yield unsatisfactory results in the long term, particularly when these go against recommended practice (Leach, 2005). By applying more rigorous professional boundaries in the future, and focusing on explaining complex situations from a nursing perspective, rather than yielding to the patients wishes, the author can improve their contribution to practice in the long term and enhance the patient journey through rehabilitation.Conclusion In summary, this paper has considered the personal experiences of the author within the context of a reflective practice episode in order to appreciate the value and tenets of the therapeutic relationship in practice. The core components of the therapeutic relationship, as they relate to the present scenario, have been discussed with reference to the evidence base in order to develop a constructive reflective episode reflecting a de scription of events, feeling, evaluation, analysis and conclusion. The process of reflection should yield a suitable action plan and in this case the author feels that they should engage with patients in a more professional manner, ensuring that they maintain an empathic and understanding approach to care while maintaining nursing boundaries. In order to achieve this, communication skills should be enhanced in the future, through attendance at specific communication skills courses, in order to become more comfortable in managing potential conflicts or hostility. This should enhance the therapeutic relationship and ensure that future patients can be managed in a manner that benefits all members of the relationship. besidesmore, it is important that the author is aware of how other colleagues maintain professional boundaries and can direct their relationship accordingly in practice, and consultation with colleagues on this point would be a useful learning tool. On completion of these tasks, the author should therefore feel better prepared to engage with patients in a meaningful way, ensuring that trust is developed and that patients have an effective care process, in all areas of care.References Baker, C., Pulling, C., McGraw, R., Dagnone, J. D., HopkinsRosseel, D., Medves, J. (2008). Simulation in interprofessional education for patientcentred collaborative care. Journal of mature Nursing, 64(4), 372-379. Brown, D., White, J., Leibbrandt, L. (2006). Collaborative partnerships for nursing faculties and health service providers what can nursing learn from business literature?. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(3), 170-179. Brown, R. F., Bylund, C. L. (2008). Communication skills training describing a new conceptual model. Academic Medicine, 83(1), 37-44. Brunero, S., Lamont, S., Coates, M. (2010). A review of empathy education in nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 17(1), 65-74.Bulmer Smith, K., Profetto-McGrath, J., Cummings, G. G. (2009). Emotional intelligence a nd nursing An integrative literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(12), 1624-1636. Chitty, K. K., Black, B. P. (2007). Professional nursing concepts challenges. London WB Saunders Co. Cott, C. (2004). Client-centred rehabilitation client perspectives. Disability Rehabilitation, 26(24), 1411-1422.Fahrenwald, N. L., Bassett, S. D., Tschetter, L., Carson, P. P., White, L., Winterboer, V. J. (2005). Teaching core nursing values. Journal of Professional Nursing, 21(1), 46-51. Foster, T., Hawkins, J. (2005). The therapeutic relationship perfectly or merely impeded by technology?. British Journal of Nursing, 14 (13), 698-702. Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit. Oxford Polytechnic Oxford Hershkovitz, A., Kalandariov, Z., Hermush, V., Weiss, R., Brill, S. (2007). Factors affecting short-term rehabilitation outcomes of disabled elderly patients with proximal hip fracture. Archives of Physical Medic ine and Rehabilitation, 88(7), 916-921. Kirk, T. W. (2007). Beyond empathy clinical involvement in nursing practice.Nursing Philosophy, 8(4), 233-243. Leach, M. J. (2005). Rapport a key to treatment success. Complementary Therapies in clinical Practice, 11(4), 262-265. McCabe, C. (2004). Nursepatient communication an exploration of patients experiences. Journal of clinical Nursing, 13(1), 41-49.McCormack, B. (2003). A conceptual framework for personcentred practice with older people. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9(3), 202-209. McCormack, B. (2004). Personcentredness in gerontological nursing an overview of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 13 (s1), 31-38. McCormack, B., McCance, T. V. (2006). Development of a framework for personcentred nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56 (5), 472-479. Miller, J. F. (2006). Opportunities and obstacles for good work in nursing.Nursing Ethics, 13(5), 471-487.Nielsen, A., Stragnell, S., Jester, P. (2007). Guide for refl ection using the clinical judgment model. The Journal of Nursing Education, 46(11), 513-516.Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Code of Professional Conduct. Available at http//www.nmc-uk.org/aDisplayDocument.aspx?documentID=5982 accessed 6 th October 2014 Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn understanding patient-centred care. British Journal of Nursing, 19(14), 912. Perraud, S., Delaney, K. R., CarlsonSabelli, L., Johnson, M. E., Shephard, R., Paun, O. (2006). Advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing, finding our core The therapeutic relationship in 21st century. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(4), 215-226.Ramjan, L. M. (2004). Nurses and the therapeutic relationship Caring for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(5), 495-503.Routasalo, P., Arve, S., Lauri, S. (2004). Geriatric rehabilitation nursing developing a model. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10(5), 207-215. Rushton, C. H. (2006). Defining and addressing moral tra uma tools for critical care nursing leaders. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 17 (2), 161-168. Schmalenberg, C., Kramer, M., King, C. R., Krugman, M., Lund, C., Poduska, D., Rapp, D. (2005). Excellence through evidence securing collegial/collaborative nurse-physician relationships, part 2. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(11), 507-514. Sheldon, L. K., Barrett, R., Ellington, L. (2006). difficult communication in nursing. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(2), 141-147.Siegert, R. J., Taylor, W. J. (2004). Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation. Disability Rehabilitation, 26(1), 1-8. Stickley, T., Freshwater, D. (2006). The art of listening in the therapeutic relationship The role of the moderne mental health nurse is becomingmore technical when, argue Theodore Stickley and Dawn Freshwater, what would really benefit patients is the often misunderstood art of listening. Mental health Practice, 9(5), 12-18. Sutcliffe, H. (2011). Understanding the N MC code of conduct a student perspective. Nursing Standard, 25(52), 35-39.Webster, D. (2010). Promoting empathy through a creative reflective teaching strategy a mixed-method study. The Journal of Nursing Education, 49(2), 87-94. Welch, M. (2005). Pivotal moments in the therapeutic relationship. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 14(3), 161-165.Wolf, Z. R., Zuzelo, P. R. (2006). Never again stories of nurses dilemmas in nursing practice. Qualitative Health Research, 16(9), 1191-1206.Yoo, M. S., Chae, S. M. (2011). Effects of ally review on communication skills and learning motivation among nursing students. The Journal of Nursing Education, 50(4), 230-233.

Priestleys Paradox Communication

Priestleys Paradox CommunicationCommunication is an essential part of commonplace life. There are many things which have effect on talk, technology having a very large effect. done the increase of parley technology, at that place has been a decrease in the quality of effective chat. While considering the theory of Priestleys Paradox, the lack of interpersonal chat in new forms of technology have significantly modify the quality of intercourse. Modern technologies decrease the quality of talks by dint of the lack of verbal and non-verbal feedback, the distortion of messages and also the odds-on gateway to forms of these technologies. Verbal and non-verbal elements of interpersonal communication have effectively declined due to technology.The most impacted area of communication in society today is interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication is referenced as communication between deuce or more raft which try to create and understand meaning (Turner West 2009 8). Throughout interpersonal communication there can be noise. Noise is anything which can distort or prevent communication (Eunson 2008 18). Interpersonal communication has many elements which contribute to quality communication.Interpersonal communication requires verbal and non-verbal feedback, which is not given effectively through modern technologies. The quality of effective communication is rapidly decreased with the increase of technology. This type of communication (interpersonal communication) has two main elements, verbal and non-verbal skills. Verbal communication is the use of languages, words, sounds and letters and uses great emphasis on tone and pitch. Modern technology therefore decreases the quality of communication because verbal communication is not always possible. Non-verbal communication is communication through only visual forms. Non-verbal consists of gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and numerous other signals of the gay clay (Eunson 2008 260). Th is non-verbal element of communication however cannot be seen through most technologies so distorts the message to the murderer. Both verbal and non-verbal communication skills assist, distort and block communication between individuals (Eunson 2008 286). The theory of Priestleys Paradox is most relevant when considering the quality of communication through technologies is declining. Email is an example of modern technology which has an impact of the quality of communication. Through email, the receiver cannot communicate using verbal and non-verbal communication. This distortion is happening with all types of technology and is having affect on the interactions of individuals and creating problems. Without face-to-face verbal and non-verbal interactions the sender is un equal to rag assumptions on the receivers perceptions of the messages. Some particular new technologies have the ability for messages to be distorted excessively due to the language used.Technology has decreased qu ality of communication because it can cause misunderstanding through abbreviations that distort messages. This particularly effects our societys younger generation. Generation Y in particularly are media interactionists, not versed a world without media and technology (Kundanis 2003 43). An example of technology which is most commonly the source of abbreviation is SMS (short messaging service). Evidently, abbreviations are a weak substitute for body language, oral and tonal expression. These are replaced by using uppercase lettering and quirky symbols (emoticons) which leads to misinterpretation while decoding the message as there is no shared meaning of the context (Danet 2001 17). The English language is often comprised to become shortened abbreviations and phrases. This language has since blended into the everyday modern society causing the younger generations to be less likely using proper English language. While communicating through technology, the sender and receiver need t o have a fall understanding of one anothers abbreviations and context or else the message will be distorted. This may then lead to a breakdown in communication if the receiver is unable to decode the message given (Eunson 2008 14). This is also evident as there is a digital divide between people with the anisometric access to technology.The decrease in quality of communication is due to technology not being equally accessible for our whole society. Priestleys Paradox theory expresses the point that people coming from low -economical societies have a greater quality of communication rather than people coming from a higher-economical society because it is filled with modern communication technologies(Eunson 2008 5). There is a digital divide between people due to new forms of technology. This causes distortion in communication because of the misunderstanding of messages that are received through modern technology. It is now expected of a person to have knowledge of modern technologi es which may not be universally accepted due to the unequal access of technology (Turner West 2009 105). Modern technology-driven communication is constantly revolving, developing and expanding (Eunson 2008 4). They are expensive and therefore low income earners would not be able update technologies frequently. The digital divide is not only based on this however, there are many other issues. The accessibility of modern technology is affected by geographical location, income status, culture, education and also age (Mossberger, Tolbert Stansbury 2003 15-23). This causes the decrease in effective communication and interpersonal communication as everyone does not have the same gettable technology.New technologies have significantly decreased the quality of effective communication. Ultimately interpersonal communication elements such as verbal and non-verbal skills are not able to be effectively used through modern technologies. This can distort messages in communication just like ab breviations can. Both people participating in the communication need to have similar understanding of the context and language or else the quality of communication will be diminished. The digital divide because of the unequal access of modern technology also has an impact of the quality of communication. Priestleys Paradox theory suggests that the quality of communication is minimised because of new technologies. This theory is most evident in modern communication therefore modern technology has decreased the quality of communication.Words 1021

Mind-body Distinction :: essays research papers

Mind-Body distinctionWe usually view the spirit as the maven and proboscis as something physical. The mind may be better known and understood when one is thinking. When thinking, the mind is made up purely of thoughts and the body is an extension. The mind is telling the body what to do. The mind is a mental entity and the brain itself is the physical body. Although one can non have a mind with out a brain, the mind and brain differ in which one is mental and the other physical. Together the mind and body ar like a foundation. Empirically we know that the mind need a brain to exist, but the mind is not a physical substance. Moreover, a brain sits useless unless it has a mind. Substances with shape, mass, and other physical properties characterize the physical. In contrast, substances without any size, shape, mass often characterize the mental. One of the first things about our bodies is that they have limitations that we may think are not there. Our bodies seem to be what they are no matter what we think about them. Although you can change your body by changing your body image, you can never become the subjectl psyche you think you can be. Thus, our bodies seem to exist and be what they are independently from what any mind thinks they are. Are bodies are physical and can not be changed because we can see them change in our mind. The body can be controlled by the mind to do certain things but the mind can not change our physical appearance. The main characteristic of the mind is the ability to think. A mind does more than take in information from the world and react to it. The mind has hopes, feelings, and beliefs. It is aware of the world and has feelings and thoughts about the information that it takes in from the world. Minds are non-physical and the thoughts it produces do not have anything in common with the physical. We can see, touch, or hear our thoughts. An idea can exist, but only in the mind. An idea has no physical properties to it. Physical objects can be perceived in the mind but objects in the mind are immaterial.

Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital Culture :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital CultureABSTRACT Within contemporary Western philosophy, the issues of valet nature and our step forward in the cosmos have largely been ignored. In the resulting vacuum, the various sub nicetys that have grown up around the digital computer (the so-called digital culture) have been actively defining and shaping popular conceptions of what it means to be benevolent and the place of good-will in the digital era. Here one finds an unstated view of human nature that includes recurrent themes such as an emphasis on mind as information independent of the physical body, the obsolescence of the human body, the expulsion of human particularity, the malleability of human nature, and the logic and orderliness of the computer as a metaphor for the cosmos. This view of human nature shares important characteristics with Cartesian and Christian views of human nature long rejected by philosophers. A renewal of the philosophical anthropol ogy movement devoted to the issues of human nature and humanitys place in the cosmos permits us to see the inadequacy of the conception of human nature implicit in the digital culture. What am I that I am a human being? What is my place in the nature of things? At the close of the twentieth century, facing the dawn of a new millennium, the goal of paidea or philosophy educating humanity might best be achieved by philosophy recovering and reaffirming its interest in these two anthropological questions. In this essay I defend this lease through an analysis of the view of human nature implicit in the digital culture. For the past several decades, while philosophers have largely ignored anthropological issues, the sub-cultures swirling around computers and other digital technologies have been busy shaping and defining the way in which human nature will be conceived in the adjoining millennium. More often than not, however, these views of human nature are produced in a philosophical and critical vacuum with little thought given to what we as human beings are and what we might become. Philosophers must address this vacuum by renewing their responsibility to speak to these issues, once again taking up the work of articulating a philosophical anthropology and providing the guidance on these issues that they once did.Reflection on our nature as human beings and our place in the cosmos has a long customs duty in philosophy throughout the world and has surely been a central concern in the history of Western philosophy.

Effective Media Communications In a Technologically Advanced Society Es

Effective Media Communications In a Technologically travel Society The first appointment of an individual to a position similar to that of todays local anaesthetic government charabanc occurred in 1908 in Staunton, Virginia, where a general manager was employed to oversee the administrative functions of the municipality (http//www.icma.org ). In 1908, technology in the United States was thought to be visionary. Cameras were available to take photos. Newspapers were read across the country. Magazines were coming of age. Newspapers challenged local leaders daily. From the smallest communities to large metropolitan communities, papers competed for the news of the day. Reporters put pressure on local leaders as they covered national and local politics. Newspapers were the main preference for communicating with the public. Eastmans marketing of his Kodak camera in 1888 opened a new era. Thomas Edisons Kinetoscope of 1889 used Eastman film to produce a 50-foot cheep show and by 1896 his Vitascope was used for the first public showing in the U.S. theater of a moving picture show (Emery 191). From 1915-1925, radios also became another venue for politicians and leaders to be put in the public spotlight. Governmental leaders might have believed they were under intense media scrutiny with the daily questioning from newspaper and magazine reporters. These leaders had it easy when compared to the mediums used today by the modern media. City and county managers have access to the highest level of technology ever available in the history of mankind. These technologies can be used to better communication with the public. In fact, our technologically advanced society is going to force no... ...c Journalism. The Pew Center for polite Journalism. www.pewcenter.org Emery, Michael. The Press and America (Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992) p. 191. Finberg, Howard I. Editor and Publisher. We Need Multimedia, Instant Publishin g Dec. 13, 2001 International City/County Management Association Website. www.icma.org. Insiders Guide to Using nurture in Government, Technology Area Center for Technology in Government. http//www.ctg.albany.edu/guides/usinginfo/Technology/technology.htm Is Your Local Government Plugged In? Highlights of the Electronic Government 2000 Survey Conducted by the International City/County Management Association (revised 3/7/01). www.icma.org. Yudof, Mark G., When Government Speaks Politics, Law, and Government Expression in America (Berkeley University of California Press, 1983) p. 16.

Essay on the Angel of a Woman in The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays

Angel of a Woman in The Birthmark Nathaniel Hawthornes short story, The Birthmark, contains a wonderful mannequin of the perfect wife. This essay will develop that theme. In the opening paragraph of The Birthmark the narrator introduces Aylmer as a scientist who had made experience of a ghostlike affinity more attractive than any chemical one. Hawthornes description of the scientists love for Georgiana is apt, for love is just that religious. And the theme of this tale is a spiritual one. Through the course of the story Aylmer declines spiritually, while Georgiana advances spiritually. Even after Aylmer has persuaded a beautiful woman to become his wife, he is not capable of winning her properly, unselfishly, because he had devoted himself, however, too unreservedly to scientific studies ever to be weaned from them by any second passion. The narrator seeks to justify this error or want in Aylmer by explaining that it was not unusual for the love of science to rival the lov e of woman in its depth and absorbing energy. Already at the fountain of the tale, the reader perceives that Georgiana is going to be shortchanged in this marriage. She is exposed to the problem initially when her husband asks whether it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed? Aylmer is in quest of physical perfection in his wife unfortunately he discounts her inner, spiritual value so clearly manifested in her comment To tell you the legality it has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it might be so. In using the word simple she is organism honest and not sarcastic she is being humble and respectful of others (parents?) evaluation of herself. T... ...dab Laugh, thing of the senses You have earned the right to laugh. But there is no success, for with grand tenderness and concern for her husbands happiness, Georgiana softly says, I am dying The narrators beautifully poetic way of expressing the demise of the wife is memor able The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame. The soul of this angelic, loving woman, lingering a moment near her husband, took its heavenward flight. A true angel of womankind is ascending to heaven. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel . The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng& entropy=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1